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Mainstream support ended on April 12, Extended support ended on April 12, [11] [12]. Windows Server is the second version of Windows Server operating system produced by Microsoft. It is part of the Windows NT family of operating systems and was released on April 24, An updated version , Windows Server R2, was released to manufacturing on December 6, Windows Server is based on the consumer operating system, Windows XP. Windows Server is the follow-up to Windows Server, incorporating compatibility and other features from Windows XP.
Unlike Windows , Windows Server 's default installation has none of the server components enabled, to reduce the attack surface of new machines. Windows Server includes compatibility modes to allow older applications to run with greater stability. It was made more compatible with Windows NT 4.
Windows Server brought in enhanced Active Directory compatibility and better deployment support to ease the transition from Windows NT 4. Windows Server is the first server edition of Windows to support the IA64 and x64 architectures. The product went through several name changes during the course of development. When first announced in , it was known by its codename "Whistler Server"; it was named "Windows Server" for a brief time in mid, followed by "Windows.
NET Server" and "Windows. NET Server ". After Microsoft chose to focus the ". NET" branding on the. Windows Server was the first Microsoft Windows version which was thoroughly subjected to semi-automated testing for bugs with a software system called PREfast [17] developed by computer scientist Amitabh Srivastava at Microsoft Research.
Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates stated that Windows Server was Microsoft's "most rigorously tested software to date. Microsoft used Windows Server 's kernel in the development of Windows Vista. Windows Server comes in a number of editions, each targeted towards a particular size and type of business. NET technology. Domain controller and Terminal Services functionality are not included on Web Edition. However, Remote Desktop for Administration is available. Only 10 concurrent file-sharing connections are allowed at any moment.
NET Framework version 2. When using it for storage or as a back-end with another remote server as the front-end, CALs may still be required. Microsoft Windows Server Standard is aimed towards small to medium-sized businesses.
Standard Edition supports file and printer sharing, offers secure Internet connectivity, and allows centralized desktop application deployment. A specialized variant for the x64 architecture was released in April Windows Server Enterprise is aimed towards medium to large businesses. It also provides the ability to hot-add supported hardware. Windows Server Enterprise is also the required edition to issue custom certificate templates. Windows Server Datacenter is designed [25] for infrastructures demanding high security and reliability.
Windows Server is available for IA, Itanium, and x64 processors. It supports a maximum of 32 physical processors on IA platform or 64 physical processors on x64 and IA hardware. The Datacenter edition, like the Enterprise edition, supports 8-node clustering. Clustering increases availability and fault tolerance of server installations by distributing and replicating the service among many servers.
This edition supports clustering with each cluster having its own dedicated storage, or with all cluster nodes connected to a common SAN. Windows Compute Cluster Server CCS , released in June , is designed for high-end applications that require high performance computing clusters. It is designed to be deployed on numerous computers to be clustered together to achieve supercomputing speeds. Each Compute Cluster Server network comprises at least one controlling head node and subordinate processing nodes that carry out most of the work.
It ties nodes together with a powerful inter-process communication mechanism which can be complex because of communications between hundreds or even thousands of processors working in parallel. The application programming interface consists of over functions. A job launcher enables users to execute jobs to be executed in the computing cluster.
Windows Storage Server , a part of the Windows Server series, is a specialized server operating system for network-attached storage NAS. Launched in at Storage Decisions in Chicago, it is optimized for use in file and print sharing and also in storage area network SAN scenarios. It is only available through Original equipment manufacturers OEMs. Windows Storage Server NAS equipment can be headless , which means that they are without any monitors, keyboards or mice, and are administered remotely.
Such devices are plugged into any existing IP network and the storage capacity is available to all users. Multiple such NAS servers can be clustered to appear as a single device, which allows responsibility for serving clients to be shared in such a way that if one server fails then other servers can take over often termed a failover which also improves fault-tolerance. Windows Storage Server can also be used to create a Storage Area Network , in which the data is transferred in terms of chunks rather than files, thus providing more granularity to the data that can be transferred.
This provides higher performance to database and transaction processing applications. Single instance storage SIS scans storage volumes for duplicate files, and moves the duplicate files to the common SIS store.
The file on the volume is replaced with a link to the file. Windows Storage Server R2 provides an index-based, full-text search based on the indexing engine already built into Windows server. Windows Storage Server can be promoted to function as a domain controller; however, this edition is not licensed to run directory services. It can be joined to an existing domain as a member server. Windows Small Business Server SBS is a software suite which includes Windows Server and additional technologies aimed at providing a small business with a complete technology solution.
SBS has the following design limitations, mainly affecting Active Directory: [30]. Windows Home Server was announced on January 7, , at the Consumer Electronics Show by Bill Gates and is intended to be a solution for homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, and remote access. Intended use was for building firewall, VPN caching servers and similar appliances. Availability of the original version ended May 28, Availability of R2 ended March 5, End of extended support was July 14, all variants except Storage Server [9] , and End of Licence was May 28, R2 and original.
All variants continued to receive Critical security updates until the end of extended support: [37]. While many features of the bit variant of Windows XP were brought over into Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, other limitations imposed by constraints such as only supporting bit drivers, and support for bit programs being dropped led to incompatibilities with the bit Windows XP editions available.
Among the improvements are many of the same updates that were provided to Windows XP users with Service Pack 2. Features that are added with Service Pack 1 include:. A full list of updates is available in the Microsoft Knowledge Base.
Service Pack 2 for Windows Server was released on March 13, This was followed by build , known as Beta 2 Refresh. The final build is Microsoft has described Service Pack 2 as a "standard" service pack release containing previously released security updates, hotfixes, and reliability and performance improvements. Service Pack 2 also adds Windows Server Scalable Networking Pack SNP , [48] which allows hardware acceleration for processing network packets, thereby enabling faster throughput.
Windows Server R2 is an updated release of Windows Server , which contains a copy of Windows Server SP1 on one CD and a host of optionally installed new features on another disc, similar to Microsoft Plus! New features of Windows Server R2 include: [51]. On July 13, , Windows Server 's mainstream support expired and the extended support phase began. During the extended support phase, Microsoft continued to provide security updates; however, free technical support, warranty claims, and design changes are no longer being offered.
Although Windows Server is unsupported, Microsoft released an emergency security patch in May for the OS as well as other unsupported versions of Windows including Windows Vista and Windows 7 RTM without a service pack , to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the WannaCry ransomware attack. Anonymous users from managed to compile the Windows Server source code, as well as a Twitter user who posted videos of the process on YouTube proving that the code was genuine, [57] but was removed from the platform on copyright grounds by Microsoft.
The leak was incomplete as it was missing the Winlogon source code and some other components. Microsoft issued a statement stating that it was investigating the leaks.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Server operating system by Microsoft released in This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. October This article needs additional citations for verification.
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Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project.
Popular Linux distributions [18] [19] [20] include Debian , Fedora Linux , and Ubuntu , which in itself has many different distributions and modifications, including Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether, or include a solution stack such as LAMP.
Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any purpose. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.
Linux also runs on embedded systems , i. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The source code may be used, modified and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License GPL. The Linux kernel, for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with a special exception for system calls , as without the system call exception any program calling on the kernel would be considered a derivative and therefore the GPL would have to apply to that program.
The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in Later, Sun Microsystems , founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University , also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system.
With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the GNU Project , started in by Richard Stallman , had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in By the early s, many of the programs required in an operating system such as libraries, compilers , text editors , a command-line shell , and a windowing system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers , daemons , and the kernel , called GNU Hurd , were stalled and incomplete.
Tanenbaum , a computer science professor, and released in as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or BSD had been available at the time , he probably would not have created Linux.
While attending the University of Helsinki , Torvalds enrolled in a Unix course in the fall of It was with this course that Torvalds first became exposed to Unix. In , he became curious about operating systems.
Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems. Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention " Freax ", a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" as an allusion to Unix. During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year.
Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as too egotistical. To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server ftp. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology HUT who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.
Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mids in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux.
Commercial use began when Dell and IBM , followed by Hewlett-Packard , started offering Linux support to escape Microsoft 's monopoly in the desktop operating system market. Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to virtually all supercomputers , [31] [61] and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular LAMP application stack.
Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing. Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on smartphones and very popular on tablets and, more recently, on wearables.
Linux gaming is also on the rise with Valve showing its support for Linux and rolling out SteamOS , its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution. Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of Brazil. Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries.
Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions.
Many open source developers agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather evolved through natural selection. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations — and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than alpha-particles in DNA.
Raymond considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers.
Such a system uses a monolithic kernel , the Linux kernel , which handles process control, networking, access to the peripherals , and file systems. Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel, or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running. The GNU userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception.
The Project's implementation of the C library works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development including the compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself , and the coreutils implement many basic Unix tools.
The project also develops Bash , a popular CLI shell. Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. Installed components of a Linux system include the following: [78] [80]. The user interface , also known as the shell , is either a command-line interface CLI , a graphical user interface GUI , or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through terminal emulator windows or on a separate virtual console.
CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output. Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the userland , use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple inter-process communication. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System , often simply called "X". It provides network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network.
Org Server , being the most popular. Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system.
This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based. Several types of window managers exist for X11, including tiling , dynamic , stacking and compositing. Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler X window managers such as dwm , ratpoison , i3wm , or herbstluftwm provide a minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as FVWM , Enlightenment or Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in taskbar and themes , but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.
Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of [update] , it has not received wider adoption. Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager.
Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager and compositing manager. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices.
Also, a good userspace device library is the key of the success for having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices. The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards.
Free software projects, although developed through collaboration , are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs.
Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as apt , yum , zypper , pacman or portage to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location.
A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, Debian being a well-known example. In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux User Groups LUGs seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software.
They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Online forums are another means for support, with notable examples being LinuxQuestions.
Linux distributions host mailing lists ; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle cover disks that carry software or even complete Linux distributions.
Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software.
The free software licenses , on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic. One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks.
Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. As computer hardware standardized throughout the s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture. Most programming languages support Linux either directly or through third-party community based ports. First released in , the LLVM project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages.
A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at scripting , text processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux distributions support shell scripts , awk , sed and make.
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